Do I need a Patent Attorney?
Absolutely.  it is one thing to do your basic patent search by yourself, but is a completely different thing to do a full patentability search for your idea.  A patent attorney has the requisite skills to determine whether or not you have a patentable idea.  You will also need a patent attorney in order to file a provisional or a full utility patent.  I can highly recommend Stevan Lieberman of Greenberg and Lieberman, this Washington-based legal firm is located very close to the patent office and they specialize in  providing affordable services for independent inventors and small companies.  You can call Stevan on his direct line anytime from 10 AM until early evening Washington time: 202-625-7016, please tell him that I referred you.  He can do a basic screening patent search for under $500, but a full patentability search will be substantially more expensive.  Representative costs for a provisional patent filing range from $5-$7000, and a simple utility patent filing ranges from $7-$10,000, your actual costs may vary depending on your specific details.

   Why file a patent?
In 2011 the United States changed the "First-to-Conceive" rule, to "First-to-File". Now, like the rest of the world, inventors will be required to file a patent to establish precedent.  Patents expire 20 years after they were filed to give the inventor plenty of time to profit from his invention.

Before filing a patent, it is wise to pay a professional patent attorney to do a patent search to determine whether or not your idea is sufficiently unique to warrant the expense of filing for a full patent.  When researching patent attorneys it is wise to ask questions about the fields that they specialize in.  For instance a patent firm that specializes in software might not be the best firm to work with for an electronic product.

The quickest and most cost-effective patent is a Provisional Patent. This secures the invention idea as yours, and establishes a filing date.  This allows you to legally claim Patent Pending and gives you one year to file for full patent protection.  Typically this should be filed right after confirming that a patent search confirms that your idea has not been patented by someone else.  A little known trick is that you can re-file the Provisional Patent before the first one lapses to give you more time if needed while maintaining the Patent Pending status, but every time your re-file your date of filing is changed.

A patent attorney charges from around $600 (for a simple design patent) to well over $10,000 (utility patent), and a utility patent can take several years to be granted.  I would only recommend pursuing a utility patent if your idea has a very broad market appeal or potential profits of at least $30,000 in the first year.  A design patent only protects what your product looks like, while a utility patent protects how it works in detail. 

You need to be realistic about the value and expense of filing a patent!  Say your patent costs you $15,000 and you sell 10,000 units in your first year.  If you amortize the cost of the patent over the product run, that means that for each product you sell, it cost you $1.50 to file the patent.  With an inexpensive product, that can make a huge difference.  In the toy industry for instance, every component is made as cheaply as possible, and shaving one cent off the price of a part can reap an extra $10,000 profit on a run of one million toys.  If you licensed the design, you will only get a very small percentage of the profit, which may never pay for the cost of the patent if the product fails in the marketplace.

Once you have a patent there is no guarantee that you will profit from it, marketing your idea is entirely up to you!  This is where most inventors drop the ball.  Fact: less than 1% of patents filed by individuals get to market. 

If a company infringes your patent (produces a product without your permission) it will cost you a lot of money in legal fees to defend your patent.  Again there is no guarantee that you will win the suit and get a settlement - even after years of legal battles!  Read the story of Gordon Gould who invented the laser and his 30 year legal battle to prove that he was the first to invent it.

Even if you obtain a patent and manage to manufacture your product, if it is not marketed properly you could be stuck with a garage or warehouse full of product.  Typically inventors are not good at marketing and often the best option is to license your product to a manufacturer who will pay you royalties on each unit sold.

   Licencing and funding your idea
To learn more about licensing and how you go about getting investors to fund your idea, I highly recommend watching the TV show "Shark Tank".  This reality show pits people with small or growing companies against 5 wealthy self-made investors that compete to offer you financing using their own money for a share of your company.  If they don't think the product or company will be profitable, they can be unmerciful in their criticism.  They can also offer really good business advice.  Watch some old episodes of Shark Tank on the web - it's a free education, and very entertaining!

Another way to fund your idea is through crowd funding web sites such as kickstarter or indiegogo.  These web sites allow you to get multiple individuals to sponsor your startup, and in return you offer them incentives ranging from a discounted product to t-shirts and other promotional items.  You will need a documented working prototype before taking this approach as you would when seeking investors of any kind.

   What are you looking for from the Prototype?
In electronic prototypes there are basically 2 types:
Works like: Performs the functions but does not necessarily look like the final product.
Looks like: Has the appearance of the final product, but may not operate or have full functionality.  My goal as an engineer with an arts degree is to try and balance the two.

   Do you need a high quality plastic model?
I work collaboratively with Justin Aielllo of Aiello Design on the design of products that require plastic housings.  His design aestheic is impressive and he is a great guy to work with.

   Will the prototype be used to gain funding or sell the idea to a manufacturer?
If so, a very good quality model will be required that most accurately represents the desired form and function of the manufactured item (see above).

   Will the prototype be used to test market the idea?
I can hand build up to 10 working models for beta testing and market research, but be advised that this can be expensive.

   Will the working prototype be a manufacturable design?
It depends.  High volume off-shore product assembly companies often use different electronic components than those available to me as a prototype engineer.  I can design for production in some cases, but a first step requires at least one working prototype for testing and debugging.  A second design revision phase is often required to complete a pre-production design.  Click here to see a blog post describing how I design a product from start to finish.

   Why Arduino prototypes are not helpful
Recently many of my potential clients have been using the hobby microcontroller called the "Arduino" to build proof of concept prototypes of their ideas.  It is not practical to take a design built around the Arduino and then make a production worthy electronics package based on it.  It is akin to building a prototype using LEGO and expecting an engineer to take it to production.  While the Arduino is a fun hobby computer to play with, please do not expect me to take one of your designs and make it manufacturable, it will need to be completely re-engineered.

   A word about batteries
Most of the products that I design are battery powered, and many of my clients do not necessarily understand the limitations of batteries.  Basically, there are two ways to go - replaceable coin, AA or AAA alkalines, or rechargeable such as an or iPad or smart phone that charges from a USB connection.   When you design a product with replaceable batteries, you are passing off the cost of the batteries to your customer (batteries not included).  When you make it rechargeable you are bearing the cost of a more expensive battery, the charging circuit, and the charging adapter.  Most customers prefer the convenience of a rechargeable battery.

   Be realistic about battery life.  The size of a battery gives you a good indication of how long it will power something.  If your device has a radio receiver in it, you cannot use a coin sized battery and expect it to last more than a few days because the radio receiver draws power all the time waiting for a signal.  This is why cell phones need to be recharged every day.  Also, do not expect a coin battery to keep an LED indicator light on for very long.  Even the largest coin batteries will only operate a single bright LED for no more than 10-20 hours.

   Consider the environmental impact of your product.  All rechargeable batteries contain toxic chemicals including lithium, cadmium, or lead.  These products do not belong in the landfill.  it is my personal opinion that there are far too many disposable products designed using toxic battery chemistries. Only 8% of all rechargeable batteries are recycled, and this is of great concern to me as someone who chooses to live as sustainably as practical.  You find a battery recycling location near you you can go to Call2recycle.org. 

   Marketing your idea
Marketing is the single biggest hurdle that individual inventors encounter.  You may wish to contact a company that can help you market your product to manufacturers.  I can recommend America Invents.  They have a good track record of licensing products to manufacturers for their clients.  As with all invention Marketing companies, be very careful to read and review their contract and hold them to every detail.  While America Invents is legitimate, there are many very unscrupulous companies out there that will charge a lot of money and deliver little or nothing.

If your invention fits a small niche market and is simple and easy enough for you to build yourself, you can set up to make it in your garage or basement and make a little money on the side while you keep your day job.  I have helped several independent inventors set up a home workshop to produce their inventions at home.  I suggest tools and techniques and provide training in soldering and fabrication techniques.  I also provide a detailed Bill Of Materials so my clients can source all the parts themselves.

I wrote an article for Inventor's Digest about a product I sell by mail order from my web site that has generated over $5,000 in annual sales since 2003.  In 2006 I introduced another product line targeting the solar heating industry that is also doing over $9,000 in annual sales.  Neither product is patented - nor are they patentable, but that has not stopped me from making money.

   Don't be seduced by potential profits
I have worked with literally hundreds of independent inventors, and to my knowledge not one of them has become wealthy from his invention, and only a tiny percentage have even gotten their design to market.  Some of them have made a nice profit, but often after many years of hard work.  It is also important to weigh the costs of patenting against the potential revenue.  It can take years and a great deal of money to obtain a patent.  It can be many more years after a product goes to market before you recover the design and patenting fees.